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- Written by Salomone Donghwa Shin / International Legal Research Institute. www.ilri.co.kr
Appearance Bond
Form Number: AO 98
Category: Pretrial Release and Appearance Bond Forms
Effective onDecember 1, 2011
2023³â 5¿ù 1ÀÏ ÇöÀç ¹Ì±¹ ¹ý¿ø¿¡¼ »ç¿ëÁßÀÎ Çü»ç¼Ò¼Û Appearance Bond ¼½Ä ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
¹Ì±¹Çü»ç»ç¹ýÁ¦µµ US criminal justice system ÀÇ Ãâ¼®º¸Áõ±Ý an appearance bond Àº ÇÇ°íÀÎÀ̹ýÀûÀýÂ÷³ªÆÇ°áÀü¿¡±¸±Ý»óÅ¿¡¼¼®¹æµÉ¼öÀÖ´ÂÀÏÁ¾Àǹý¿ø¿¹Ä¡±ÝÇüÅÂ
is a type of bail that allows a defendant to be released from custody before trial or sentencing ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. (Çѱ¹ÀÇ º¸¼®±Ý°ú À¯»çÇÑ ¸éÀÌ ÀÖÁö¸¸ Çѱ¹Àº ÇÇ°íÀÎÀÌ ÀçÆÇ¿¡ Ãâ¼®ÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Æµµ ÀÏÁ¤¾×ÀÌ ¹ÝȯµÇ´Â Â÷ÀÌ°¡ ÀÖÀ½)
ÇÇ°íÀÎÀÌüÆ÷µÇ¸é when a defendant is arrested ¼®¹æÁ¶°ÇÀ¸·Îº¸¼®±ÝÀ»³»¾ßÇÒ¼ö may be required to post bail as a condition of release µµ Àִµ¥, ±× º¸¼®±ÝÀǸñÀûÀºÇÇ°í°¡¸ðµç½É¸®¿¡Ãâ¼®ÇÏ°ÔÇÏ´Â°Í the purpose of bail is to ensure that the defendant appears at all scheduled court hearings ÀÔ´Ï´Ù. Áï, Ãâ¼®º¸Áõ±Ý an appearance bond Àº ÇÇ°í°¡ ¹ý¿øÀÇ ¿ä±¸¿¡µû¶ó¹ýÁ¤¿¡ÃâµÎ will appear in court as required ÇÒ ¾à¼ÓÀ¸·ÎÀÏÁ¤±Ý¾×À̳ªÀç»êÀ»´ãº¸ pledge a certain amount of money or property as security Çϵµ·Ï ¿ä±¸Çϴ ƯÁ¤À¯ÇüÀǺ¸¼® is a specific type of bail À¸·Î ¸¸¾à¿¡ ÇÇ°íÀÎÀÌ ¹ýÁ¤¿¡ ÃâµÎÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ¸¸é ±× º¸¼®±ÝÀº¸ô¼öµÇ¸ç the bond is forfeited, ÇÇ°íÀÎÀº À籸¼ÓµÉ¼ö may be re-arrested ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
°æ¿ì¿¡µû¶ó¼ In some cases ¹ý¿øÀº °æ¹üÁ˳ª Ãʹü¿¡°Ô "º»ÀÎÀÎÁö±Ý"À»Á¦ÃâÇÏ°Ô to post "a personal recognizance bond" Çã¿ëÇÒ ¼ö Àִµ¥, ÀÌ°ÍÀº ÇÇ°í°¡ µ·À̳ªÀç»êÀ»´ãº¸ÇÒÇÊ¿ä¾ø´Â do not have to provide any money or property as security °ÍÀ¸·Î, ´ë½Å¿¡ instead, ¹ýÁ¤ÃâµÎ¾à¼ÓÁõ¼¿¡°£´ÜÈ÷¼¸íÇϸé simply signs a document promising to appear in court as required µÇ´Â °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
¹ýÁ¤Ãâ¼®±ÝÀǾ׼ö the amount of the appearance bond ´Â ¹üÁËÀǽɰ¢¼º the severity of the crime, ¹üÁ˱â·Ï criminal history, ±âŸ¿äÀÎ and other factors ¿¡µû¶ó´Þ¶óÁú will vary depending on °ÍÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
ÇÇ°íÀÎÀÌ º¸¼®±ÝÀ»³³ºÎÇÒ¼ö¾øÀ¸¸é cannot afford to post the bond, ¼ö¼ö·á¸¦¹Þ°í´ë³³ÇØÁÖ´Â,º¸¼®±Ýº¸ÁõÀÎÀ»Ã£À»¼ö may seek the assistance of a bail bondsman, who will post the bond on their behalf in exchange for a fee Àִµ¥, ±× ¼ö¼ö·á´ÂÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·ÎÃѺ¸Áõ±ÝÀǸîÆÛ¼¾Æ® the fee is typically a percentage of the total bond amount ÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
Ãâ¼®º¸Áõ±Ý¹×±âŸº¸¼®ÇüÅ appearance bonds and other forms of bail ´Â ÁÖ¹ý°ú ¿¬¹æ¹ý¿¡ µû¶ó °áÁ¤µÇ¸ç, ±¤¹üÀ§ÇÏ°Ô »ç¿ëµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù. ÀϺÎÀÇ ÁÖ¿¡¼´Â Çö±Ýº¸¼®±Ý¿¡¼¹þ¾î³ª¼ have moved away from cash bail ÀçÆÇÀü¼®¹æÇÁ·Î±×·¥ pretrial release program À̳ª À§ÇèÆò°¡Ã¼°è risk assessment tools ¿Í °°Àº ¹ý¿øÃâµÎ¸¦º¸ÀåÇϴ´ëü¹æ¹ý alternative methods of ensuring court appearances µéÀ» ½ÇÇèÇÏ°í are experimenting ÀÖ½À´Ï´Ù.
´ÙÀ½Àº ¹Ì±¹ ´ë¹ý¿øÀÇ Çü»ç»ç°Ç Ãâ¼®º¸Áõ±Ý Appearance Bond °ú ÀçÆÇÀü¼®¹æ pretrial release °ü·Ã ÆÇ·ÊÀÔ´Ï´Ù.
1. Stack v. Boyle, 342 U.S. 1 (1951). ÀÌ »ç°ÇÀº Çü»ç»ç°Ç¿¡¼ °¢ ÇÇ°í¿¡°Ô $50,000·Î º¸¼®±ÝÀÌ Ã¥Á¤µÈ ¿ä°Ç¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î, ´ë¹ý¿øÀº ¹Ì±¹¼öÁ¤Çå¹ýÁ¦8Á¶°¡°úµµÇѺ¸¼®±ÝÀ»±ÝÁö the Eighth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution prohibits excessive bail ÇÑ´Ù¸ç, º¸¼®¿ä°ÇÀÌ°úÇÏ´Ù°íÆÇ´ÜÇÏ°í°¨¾×À»¸í·É the bail requirement was excessive and ordered that it be reduced.
2. Carlson v. Landon(1952). ÀÌ »ç°ÇÀº ±¹°¡¾Èº¸ national security ³ª °ø°ø¾ÈÀü public safety ¿¡À§ÇùÀ̵Ǵ°ÍÀ¸·Î°£ÁֵǴ who were deemed to be a threat to ¿Ü±¹ÀÎÀDZ¸±ÝÀ»½ÂÀÎÇÑ which authorized the detention of aliens À̹ιױ¹Àû¹ý the Immigration and Nationality Act °ú °ü·ÃÇؼ ´ë¹ý¿øÀºÀ̹ýÀÌÇÕÇåÀÌ°í,¿Ü±¹ÀεµµµÁÖÀ§ÇèÀ̳ªÁö¿ª»çȸ¿¡À§ÇèÀ̵ÇÁö¾Ê´ÂÇÑ º¸¼®±ÝÀ»³¾±Ç¸®°¡ÀÖÀ½À¸·ÎÆÇ°á. The Supreme Court held that the Act was constitutional, but also recognized that aliens had a right to bail if they were not a flight risk or a danger to the community.
3. United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739 (1987). ÀÌ »ç°ÇÀº ÇÇ°íÀÎÀǺñÇàÀ§Çè¶Ç´ÂÁö¿ª»çȸÀ§Çè a defendant was a flight risk or a danger to the community °ú 1984³âÀÇ º¸¼®°³Çõ¹ý Bail Reform Act(1984) ÀÇ ÇÕÇ强 °ü·ÃÀ¸·Î, ´ë¹ý¿øÀº À̹ýÀÌ°úµµÇѺ¸¼®±ÝÀ»±ÝÁöÇϴ¼öÁ¤Çå¹ýÁ¦8Á¶¸¦À§¹ÝÇÏÁö¾Ê´Â´Ù the Act did not violate the Eighth Amendment's prohibition against excessive bail ¶ó°í ÆÇ°áÇß°í, ¶ÇÇÑ ´ë¹ý¿øÀº ÇÇ°íÀÎÀ̼®¹æµÉ°æ¿ìµµÁÖÇϰųª¹üÁ˸¦ÀúÁö¸¦ the defendant will flee or commit a crime if released "½É°¢ÇÑÀ§Çè"ÀÌÀÖÀ½À»Á¤ºÎ°¡ÀÔÁõÇÒ¼öÀִ°æ¿ì if the government can show that there is a "serious risk", ¼öÁ¤Çå¹ýÁ¦4Á¶¿¡µû¶ó under the Fourth Amendment ¿¹¹æÀû±¸±ÝÀÌÇã¿ë preventive detention is permissible µÈ´Ù°í ÆÇ°áÇÔ.
4. Dorsey v. United States, 504 U.S. 184 (1992). ÀÌ »ç°ÇÀº ´ë¹ý¿øÀÌ 1984³âÀǺ¸¼®°³Çõ¹ý the Bail Reform Act of 1984 ÀÌ Áö¿ª»çȸ¿¡À§ÇèÇÏ´Ù°í°£ÁֵǴÂÇÇ°íÀο¡°Ô¿¹¹æÀû±¸±ÝÀ»Çã¿ëÇÔÀ¸·Î½á by allowing preventive detention for defendants who are considered to be a danger to the community ¼öÁ¤Çå¹ýÁ¦8Á¶¸¦À§¹ÝÇÏÁö¾Ê´Â´Ù does not violate the Eighth Amendment ¶ó°í ÆÇ°áÇÔ.
5. United States v. Comstock (2010). ÀÌ »ç°ÇÀº Çü±â°¡¸¸·áµÈÈļºÀûÀ¸·ÎÀ§ÇèÇÑ»ç¶÷µéÀǹ«±âÇѱ¸±ÝÀ»½ÂÀÎ authorized the indefinite detention of sexually dangerous persons after their prison terms had expired ÇÏ´Â ¿¬¹æ¹ý¿¡ ´ëÇؼ ´ë¹ý¿øÀº À̹ýÀÌÇÊ¿ä¹×ÀûÁ¤Á¶Ç׿¡µû¶óÀÇȸ±ÇÇÑÀÇÀ¯È¿ÇÑÇà»çÀ̸çÇÇ°íÀÎÀÇÀû¹ýÀýÂ÷±Ç¸®
¸¦Ä§ÇØÇÏÁö¾Ê¾Ò´Ù The Supreme Court held that the law was a valid exercise of Congress's power under the Necessary and Proper Clause and did not violate the defendants' due process rights °í ÆÇ°áÇÔ.
°¢ ±¹°¡ÀÇ ¹ý¿øµéÀº °íÀ¯ÀÇ ¼Ò¼Û ¼½ÄÀ» »ç¿ëÇϹǷΠ´õ Ãß°¡µÇ´Â ³»¿ëµéÀÌ ÀÖÁö¸¸ ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î ¿ä±¸ÇÏ´Â ³»¿ëÀº Å©°Ô ´Ù¸£Áö ¾Ê¾Æ¼ ´Ù¸¥ ±¹°¡¿Í ºñ½ÁÇÑ »ç°ÇÀÏ °æ¿ì º» ³»¿ëÀ» Âü°íÇϽñ⠹ٶø´Ï´Ù.
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